细菌碳化小体的形成与作用.docVIP

  细菌碳化小体的形成与作用# 汤凯，李书慧* （厦门大学海洋与地球学院，福建厦门 361005） 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 摘要：在寡营养环境下，细菌可以合成聚羟基烷酸 (polyhydroxyalkanoates；PHAs)作为储存 物质以提高自身的环境适应能力。细菌在环境营养不平衡状态下可以合成 PHA。聚羟基丁 酸酯（PHB）是最常见的 PHA 的形式之一，可以观察到细菌可以在需要的时候，将其降解。 本文提出“碳化小体”小体概念，即由为 PHAs 主要组分，具有类似过氧化氢体复杂结构的“亚 细胞器”，碳化小体上具有 PHA 的合成及降解酶。PHA 的合成依赖两个酶乙酰 CoA 合成酶 及 phaA 编码的酶。PHA 的降解酶由 phaZ 编码。本文回顾了近期一些与 PHAs 有关的方面， 并展望了海洋细菌在研究 PHAs 的若干方面。文章从碳化小体这个新颖角度，提总结 PHA 研究的若干方面。聚羟基烷酸酯具有生物可降解性，被认为将来最有可能代替源于石化工业 的传统塑料，是一种对环境友好的绿色材料。由于 PHA 的应用价值，关于 PHA 的合成与降 解机制研究，目前还有许多未知，正因为 PHA 与其他蛋白形成碳化小休，其调控机制显得 更为精细。在研究技术方面，原子力显微镜在揭示碳化小体的结构方面具有优势。相较而言， 关于海洋细菌 PHA 以及它的生态意义更是少有报道，是 PHA 研究的一个新热点。 关键词：细菌；碳化小体；聚羟基烷酸；海洋 中图分类号：P745 Formation and function of carbonosomes in bacteria TANG Kai1, LI Suhui2 (Ocean and earth science college, Xiamen Univeristy, Xiamen, 361005) Abstract: A wide variety of microorganisms are able to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as intracellular carbon/energy storage compounds or reducing power for coping with changing, often oligotrophic environments Bacteria could produce PHA under the unbalance of nutrients.Various PHAs, as well as the best-known poly 3-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), were found to be accumulated and degraded as required under environmental conditions by most natural PHA producing bacteria. In this paper, we define a concept ‘Carbonosomes’ that was composed by PHA, the related synthesis and degradation enzyme. PHA is synthesized by condensation of two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) to acetoacetyl-CoA (with a thiolase encoded by phaA), subsequent reduction to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA (with a reductase encoded by phaB), and polymerization to PHB (with a synthase encoded by phaC). The polymer can be hydrolyzed to 3-hydroxybutyrate by PHB depolymerases (PhaZs). Carbonosomes have a similar sub-cellular structure as well as peroxisome. Herein, some aspects of recent research on PHA were summarized and the future study trends was discussed. The review focus on carbonosomes to summarize some aspects of