句法学课件.pptVIP

句法学（Syntax）课件 1.What is syntax? A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2.1　 Lexical categories 　 English major lexical categories实义语类 Noun (N student, lecture, John Verb (V): like, read, go Adjective (Adj): tall, lovely, red Adverb (adv): loudly, constantly, hard English minor lexical categories功能语类 (Det): the, a, this, his Auxiliary (Aux): can, will, do, do, be, have Prepositio (pron): he, she, us, mine Conjunction (Conj): and, or, but, while] Interjection (Int): Oh, ah, eh 2.2 grammatical categories: number, gender, tense, mood, case, person, concord (一致）， government （支配关系）, etc. 2.2.1 Concord (一致关系) A verb is to agree with the subject in person and in number. In English, this rule only affects the verb according to the number of the subject. (e.g. The boy goes to school. The boys go to school.) 2.2.2 Government (支配关系) The idea of government is the way in which certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns. In English, prepositions and verbs require or restrict particular forms of the paradigms (聚合体，词形变化) of pronouns according to the syntactic relation between them. (e.g. I must learn from them. They pleased me the other day.) 2.3 Functional categories subject, predicate, object, complement, adverbial. 2.4 Phrasal categories and their stuctures NP名词短语: a tall man, the student VP动词短语: read a book, walk in the park PP介词短语: in the park, after dark AP形容词短语: quite rude, very anxious Phrase stucture rule The XP rule The X bar theory（X杠理论） The coordinate rule 3.Sentence （句子） 3.1 The sentence rule Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate 3.2 Types of sentences句子类型 Structural Approach The simple sentence简单句 The coordinate sentence 并列句 The complex sentence 复合句 Functional Ap