第十六章 核膜.pptVIP

B. RNA和核糖体亚基通过核输出信号输出细胞核 蛋白质的出核受到nuclear export signal(NES)的控制. NES 可以被exportin 识别并结合。 首先，Ran-GTP和exportin的结合导致exportin的结构改变，提高了exportin和待转运物质的结合能力，形成 Ran-exportin-待转运物质复合体，通过核孔复合体出核。 随后， GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) 将Ran-GTP水解为 Ran-GDP, 导致Ran蛋白构象改变，和exportin 分离。分离后，exportin 失去和待转运物质的结合能力，复合体解离。 Exportin 和 Ran-GDP 被细胞核分别回收。 3.合成生物大分子 核膜与内质网相连，具有内质网的功能 。 4.参与细胞分裂过程中染色体的定位与分离 主要靠与其相连的核纤层来实现！ Comparison 小 结 The nucleus (blue/red) is surrounded by an envelope consisting of two membranes (light blue). The space between the membranes is continuous with a system called the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where proteins are synthesised. The envelope is broken by nuclear pores (two are seen). These allow transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus by diffusion and active transport. Magnification: x12,500 at 35mm size. * Coloured high resolution scanning electron micrograph of the nuclear membrane surface of a pancreatic acinar cell. The nuclear membrane is the double layer surrounding the chromosome-containing cell nucleus. The membrane surface (yellow) has a granular appearance. The granules are thought to be ribosomes. The surface can be seen to be perforated by many tiny holes, each surrounded by granules gathered like rosettes. These nuclear pores allow interaction between the nucleus and the cell cytoplasm (purple). * Coloured high resolution scanning electron micrograph of ribosomes and pores on the outer nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane is the double layer surrounding the chromosome- containing cell nucleus. The membrane surface has a granular appearance. The granules (pink spheres) are thought to be ribosomes. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis. The surface can be seen to be perforated by many tiny holes, each surrounded by granules gathered like rosettes. These nuclear pores allow interaction between the nucleus and the cell cytoplasm (not seen). Magnification unknown. * Coloured atomic force micrograph (AFM) of the surface of a nuc