能源使用，技术进步和生产率增长：经济问题调查外文原文.pdfVIP

The Journal of ProductivityAnalysis, 2, 67-83 (1990) © 1991KluwerAcademicPublishers,Boston. Manufacturedin the Netherlands. Energy Use, Technical Progress and Productivity Growth: A Survey of Economic Issues* ERNST R. BERNDT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alfred P. SIoan School of Management, 50 Memorial Drive, E52-452, Cambridge, MA 02139 Abstract In thispaper I surveyand interpretseveralof the mostimportantaspectsunderlyingrelationshipsamongtechnical progress, productivitygrowth, and energyuse, viewedfrom the vantageof an economist.The first portion of the paper providesa noneconomistwith a nontechnicalsummaryof the economictheory of cost andproduction, and defines single-factorand multi-factorproductivitygrowth. In the secondhalf of the paper, four examples are presentedthat highlightthe specialrole of energyconsumptionin inducingandreflectingthe effectsof technical progress and productivitygrowth. A commontheme in the four examplesis that the concepts of embodiment, diffusionand learning are critical to understandingthe forces linkingenergyusage, technicalprogress and pro- ductivitygrowth. 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n The relationships among technical progress, productivity growth and energy use are not only extremely important, but they are also exceedingly complex. It is not surprising, there- fore, that these interactions can be viewed insightfully from a number of differing vantages. In this article I survey the existing literature, as viewed by an economist. The outline I follow is as follows. The first half of the article surveys the general economic literature linking technical progress to realized gains in productivity growth. The second half of the survey focuses in particular on the important role of energy in linking