农业现代化或单一有机农业的应用外文翻译.docVIP

本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文： Agricultural Modernization or an Organic Treadmill The Development of Organic Farming: Applying Ecological Modernization Theory According to one of its founding theorists, Arthur Mol, four central elements define ecological modernization theory. The first concerns technology. From this perspective, science and technology are‘ central institutions for ecological reform’(Mol 1997, 140). Unlike earlier environmental thinking, which perceived technological development as a source of ecological problems, ecological modernization theorists argue that, in the contemporary era, technology is being used to help us achieve ecological sustainability. Second, ecological modernization theorists identify market economies as being fully compatible with and supportive of progress toward environmentally sound production. They stress ‘‘the increasing importance of economic and market dynamics in ecological reform and the role of nnovators, entrepreneurs and other economic agents as social carriers of ecological restructuring’’ (p. 141). Such actors may seek to meet market demand by competing on the basis of environmental performance, by creating standards and certification programs, and by generating their own niche markets through environmental appeals to concerned consumers. Third, ecological modernization theory posits a role for the state in environmental protection, albeit a fundamentally different one from its traditional‘ command and control’ approach. Instead of imposing rigid regulations from an insulated centralized bureaucracy, in the modern ecological era the state acts to ‘‘steer’’ private actors toward environmentally sound practice, all the while allowing for flexibility and incorporating targeted parties into a participatory process of site-specific reform. Lastly, ecological modernization theorists identify a new role for environmental movement organizations. According to Mol, ‘‘The role of environmental