对税收激励有效性的研究外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 What the design of an RD tax incentive tells about its effectiveness: a simulation of RD tax incentives in the European Union Material source: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Author: Christina Elschner·Christof Ernst·Georg Licht·Christoph Spengel …… 3.Quantitative analysis We apply the European Tax Analyzer to all EU Member States offering specific tax incentives on RD inputs and compare the results with the other Member States without incentives. The following countries apply tax incentives for RD: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK. We solely consider RD tax incentives which are in general available for all companies in order to receive a manageable analysis. Different treatments according to the size are included (e.g. SME vs. large, but no incentives which are specifically available for young companies or companies with a strong growth rate, a certain ownership structure or companies in certain regions. We consider the situation in the year 2006, except for Italy. For this country we consider the situation in 2007 due to the introduction of an incentive at that time. 3.1 Corporate income tax burden 3.1.1 Comparison without incentive In a first step, we determine the effective average tax burden for the hypothetical firm in the manufacturing industry in all 27 EU Member States without considering RD tax incentives. Table 2 presents the results in the third and fourth column. Estonia ranks top with the lowest effective tax burden of €647 K. It is closely followed by Ireland and Bulgaria. Companies in France face by far the highest effective tax burden of €2,359 K which is more than 360% of the tax burden in Estonia. The second highest tax burden arises in Germany with €1,874 K. Table2 Effective tax burden in EU member states and impact of tax incentive on firm value （1） （2） （3） （4） （5） （6） （7）