产业集群：对不同理论的判断性解读外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Industry cluster of different theories of judgment: sexual unscramble Material: 2.1Standard Agglomeration Theorv.From Marshall Onwards Marshall,in his writings on Sheffield .Lancashire and other British regions,viewed the main source of external economies as the commons,the infrastructure and other services from which each individual firm in an industrial district might draw.Examples include,in modern term inology ,improved job matching,more favorable access to capital finance and inter-firm labor migration.The availability of such common resources to a number of firms then enhances their size and diversity as both capital and labor are attracted to such areas to exploit the larger markets for their services.This in turn leads to reductions in factor prices and in creases in factor productivities .These are the ways in which the external benefit to firms of a location in the industrial district manifests itself.Unit production costs will be lower within the industrial district out with it. Parallel to his studies of industrial organization,in the various editions of his Principle of Economices,Marshall helped develop what was to become standard agglomeration theory.This was then built upon subsequently by a number of writers.For exampie,Scitovsky identified a further category of pecuniary external economies,Perrous contributed his famous theory of growth poles,and Chinitz applied the notion of agglomeration economies to the economic development of New York and Pittsburgh.More recently,Krugman has emphasized the importance of increasing returnas as a favorable condition for the development of external economies.Porter can also be understood as belonging to this lineage in the sense that external economies make up many of the key relationships winth his famous diamond. Standard agglomeration theory provides an expianation of why firms might cluster together,sharing a commons of business service and a diversified labour force,and forming extensive lo