旗舰景点和农村旅游可持续发展外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Flagship Attractions and Sustainable Rural Tourism Development Material Source: Department of Tourism and Recreation, Lincoln Business School, University of Lincoln, UK Author: Richard Sharpley 1 Rural Tourism and the Sustainability Imperative Rural areas have long been attractive to tourists (Roberts Hall, 2001). Nevertheless, rural tourism remained, until the mid 20th century, a relatively small scale, passive activity. Since then, however, both the nature and scale of rural tourism and the socioeconomic structure of the countryside that plays host to tourists have undergone a fundamental transformation. Not only has rural tourism become a significant tourism activity in many countries – with almost a quarter of Europeans choosing the countryside as their holiday destination (Euro Barometer, 1998; Grolleau, 1987) – but also the range of activities classified as rural tourism has expanded enormously (Barke, 2004). As a result, ever-increasing pressure has been placed upon natural and human resources in rural areas. At the same time, rural economies and societies in most industrialised nations have undergone a process of restructuring manifested in the fragmentation of rural systems in general, and the declining role of the agrarian economy in particular (Jenkins et al., 1998). Consequently, tourism has assumed a more central role, acting as a focus for competing demands and processes, while providing a potential vehicle for economic and social regeneration, particularly in peripheral rural regions (Briedenhann Wickens, 2004; Cavaco, 1995; Gannon, 1994; Hoggart et al., 1995). As Shaw and Williams (2002: 289) observe, ‘tourism tends to figure large in the productionist–post productionist paradigm shift in rural areas’; this is evidenced by recent figures which suggest that, in England, 56% of all full time farmers have diversified, many into tourism-related activities, earning them over ￡100 million annually (DEFRA, 2004a). Collectively, these factors hav