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外文翻译 原文 Industry Cluster Literature Review Material Source: Plan 261:? Urban and Regional Development ,March 1998 Author:Jessica LeVeen Industry Cluster Definition? The majority of the literature on industry clusters is focused on the actual definition of a cluster.? The very basic definition of an industry cluster is ?geographical concentrations of industries that gain performance advantages through co-location (Doeringer and Terkla 1995, pg.225).?? This definition of clusters is similar to that of agglomeration economies, but in fact, it is within industry clusters that agglomeration economies are likely to be observed.? Beyond the basic definition, however, there is little consensus on how to define an industry cluster.? ??? Michael Porter popularized the concept of industry clusters is his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990).? Porter developed the ?Diamond of Advantage,? which is four factors he determined create a competitive advantage for firms.? The four corners of the diamond include factor conditions, demand conditions, industry strategy/rivalry, and related and supporting industries.? Porter used this diamond to determine which firms and industries had competitive advantages, and his emphasis of the importance of related and supporting industries encouraged interest in clusters.? While his original thesis was applied to nations as a whole, Porter recognized that the majority of economic activity takes place at the regional level.? Thus, his ideas are commonly applied to cities and regions.? The bulk of Porter’s thesis deals with the competitive advantages of clustering for industries.? This aspect of his work is discussed in the Section III.? Porter provides a simple definition of two types of clusters: vertical clusters, and horizontal clusters.? Vertical clusters are made up of industries that are linked through buyer-seller relationships.? Horizontal clusters include industries which might share a common ma