质量管理：统计过程控制.pptVIP

第二部分 变分的概念 需要的过程控制 Variation ? Is the cause of all quality problems ? Is a natural phenomenon - in nature - in industry ? Its detection depends upon - Precision of measurement - Skill of personnel ? It can be reduced but not eliminated ? Lower variation means higher possibility of conformance 变化 ? 是引起所有质量问题的原因 ? 是一个自然现象 - 其本质 - 在行业中 ? 能否发现变化，主要取决于 - 测量的精确 - 人员的技术 ? 可以减少变化，但不能消除变化 ? 较低的变化意味着较高的一致可能性 Variation ? No two product or characteristics are ever alike. ? Difference may be large, or they may be unmeasurably small, but is always present. ? Variations can be due to chance causes or assignable. Example : Dimension of a machined part would be affected by : - Machine (clearance, bearings wear) - Tool (hardness, strength, geometry) - Material (size, hardness) - Operator (setting, accuracy of location) - Maintenance (lubrication, temperature) - Environment (temperature, voltage fluctuation) 变化 ? 是上没有任何两种完全相同的产品或相同的特性 ? 差异可能大,也可能小到无法测量，但是 变化通常是一直存在的 ? 变化可能是偶然发生的，也可能是必然发生的 举例: 一加工零件的尺寸可能受以下因素的影响 : - 设备 (游隙, 轴承损耗) - 工具 (硬度, 强度, 几何特性) - 材料(尺寸, 硬度) - 操作者 (调试, 准确定位) - 维护 (润滑, 温度) - 环境(温度, 电伏波动) Chance vs. Assignable causes of Variation CHANCE (COMMON) CAUSES ASSIGNABLE (SPECIAL) CAUSES ? Consists of many individual causes ? Consists of just one or few individual causes ? Any one cause results in only a ? Any cause can result in large minute amount of variation variation ? Example : ? Example: - Slight variation in raw material - Batch of defective material - Lack of human perfection in reading - Untrained operator instruments and setting controls - Faulty set-up ? Cannot be economically eliminated ? Easy to detect and generally economical to eliminate ? Process follows a predictable ? No specific pattern (statistical) pattern GOK HAK (G