材料结构与变形外文文献翻译.docVIP

Chapter 2 Structure and Deformation in Materials 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 BONDING IN SOLIDS 2.3 STRUCTURE IN CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 2.4 ELASTIC DEFORMATION AND THEORETICAL STRENGTH 2.5 INELASTIC DEFORMATION 2.6 SUMARRY OBJECTIVES Review chemical bonding crystal structure in solid materials at a basic level, and relate these to differences in mechanical behavior among various classes of materials. Understand the physical basis of elastic deformation, and employ this estimate the theoretical strength of solids due to their chemical bonding. Understand the basic mechanisms of inelastic deformation due to plasticity and creep. Learn why actual strengths of materials fall far below the theoretical strength to break chemical bonds. 2.1 INTRODUTION A wide variety of materials are used in applications where resistance to mechanical loading is necessary. These are collectively called engineering materials and can be broadly classified as metals alloys, polymers, ceramics and glasses, and composites. Some typical members of each class are given in Table 2.1. Differences among the classes of materials as to chemical bonding and microstructure affect mechanical behavior, giving rise to relative advantages and disadvantages among the classes. The situation is summarized by Fig .2.1.For example .the strong chemical bonding in ceramics and glasses imparts mechanical strength and stiffness (high E), and also temperature and corrosion resistance, but cause brittle behavior. In contrast, many polymers are relatively weakly bonded between the chain molecules, in which case the material has low strength and stiffness and is susceptible creep deformation. Starting from the size sale of primary interest in engineering ,rough one meter ,there is a span of 10 orders of magnitude in size ,down to the sale of the atom ,which is around 10-10m .This situation and various intermediate size scales of interest are indicated in Fig.2.2.At any given size scale ,an understanding of the behavior ca