缺省推理初探熊学亮.pptVIP

缺省推理初探 熊学亮 R = {1. Sunday ← 2. go_fishing ← Sunday 3. stay_home ← Sunday 4. raining ← raining 5. go_fishing ← go_fishing} = {24, 35} E0 = W = {α(some)}， E1 = Th(E0)∪{α(not all)} （缺省结论来自于 D，α(some)W= E0，﹁α(not all)E） If you mow the lawn, Ill give you five dollars. I+ If you don‘t mow the lawn, I won’t give you five dollars。 I+ If and only if you mow the lawn, will I give you five dollars W = {m → g} D = {m → g:﹁～m →～g / m ≡ g} （～m →～g 代表缺省假设 If you dont mow the lawn, I wont give you five dollars，≡是充要条件的符号。） 含义推导的过程为： E0 = W = {m → g}， E1 = Th(E0) ∪{m ≡ g}（缺省结论来自于D，m → g W= E0，至于﹁(﹁m →﹁g)E 是否成立，可以利用单调逻辑﹁～(～m →～g) ≡ ～(m∨～g) ≡ ～m ∧ g，意为 you dont mow the lawn, and Ill give you five dollars，E 中显然不存在这样的情况，因此通过缺省假设的检验。 Context 1 (问时间) A: what time is it? B: some of the guests are already leaving. PCI: it must be late GCI: not all of the guests are already leaving Context 2 (找人) A: where is John? B: some of the guests are already leaving. PCI perhaps John has already left GCI not all of the guests are already leaving A: what isnt said, isnt eg. theres a blue pyramid on the red cube → 不是别的 (注: 量含义一，即已把话说足) B: what is simply said is stereotypically exemplified eg the blue pyramid is on the red cube → 是最典型的 (注:量含义二，即不要多说) 例: 如用了条件句标示词 if，即自动涉及句内内容的“真”和“假”两种真值可能这种 “小句含义”。 C: whats said in an abnormal way, isnt normal; or marked message indicates marked situation eg. the blue cuboid block is supported by the red cube→ (注: 方式含义，即异常表达传递有标信息。这点和 Givon 的“语言复杂程度标示所表达的世界概念的复杂性”这种“象似性”观点有吻合。) * * IsBird(Tweety): CanFly(bird) / CanFly(Tweety)  ） [1]