基因组的进化20131202.pdf

Evolution Jilin Zhang Dec 02, 2013 OUTLINE 1 Stories and Theories • Stories on origin of life • Darwin’s theory • Neutral theory of molecular evolution 2 Evolutionary Basics • Genetic variations • Phylogenetic tree 3 Comparative Analysis • Whole genome alignment • Orthologs • Divergence time and species tree Stories on origin of life Darwin’s theory Neutral theory of molecular evolution STORIES AND THEORIES Stories Darwin’s Theory Species have changed, and are still changing Variations can act only by very short and slow steps, it can produce no great or sudden modification, the change is cumulative. All life is related and has descended from a common ancestor Natural Selection: Those organisms with the most beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Negative Positive Balancing •purifying/stabilizing • diversifying/disruptive selection selection Neutral theory of molecular evolution Genetic variation is due to random fixation of mutations with no fitness effect (neutral mutations) Rate of molecular evolution is equal to the neutral mutation rate (an explanation for the molecular-clock hypothesis.) Functionally more important genes or gene regions evolve more slowly Common genome variations Phylogenetic Tree EVOLUTIONARY BASICS Common Variations Mutations at nucleotide level Insertion Substitution Inversion deletions • Chromosomal rearran