5. 双折射 Double Refraction.pptVIP

* 5. 双折射 Double Refraction 1) 双折射现象 unpolarized light 自然光 O光 e-光 双折射 双折射 双折射 calcite 方解石 The “double-bending” of a beam transmitted through calcite, is called double refraction. 2）the ordinary ray (O-ray) and the extraordinary ray (e-ray).（1687年惠更斯研究） a）two beams are polarized light with their planes of vibration at right angles to each other. O光 e光 b）O-ray obey the refraction law. The crystal has a single index of refraction no. c）The e –ray index of refraction varies with direction from no to a smaller value (for calcite) ne. （与入射角有关 且不为定值） 对O光： 对e光： （与入射角无关 且为定值） e光在晶体中传播，光速是一变值。 为什么？ 自然光 方解石 3）optic axis 光轴 78o 78o 68o 102o a）optic axis 光轴--- 光轴 The direction at which a beam transmitted through calcite without double refraction called optic axis. b) The optic axis is found by erecting a line at either of the two corners where three obtuse angles meet (the “blunt ” corners), making equal angles 68o with the crystal edges. Any line in the crystal parallel to this line is also an optic axis. 光轴 4）principal section 主截面 The principal section is consist of the normal to crystal surface and optic axis. ?Any section in the crystal parallel to this section is also the principal section. 注意： ?when incident ray lie in the principal section, the vibration of O-ray normal to the principal section and the vibration of e-ray parallel to the principal section. 102o 78o 78o 78o 光轴 ?入射面在主截面内时，o光e光的振动面互相垂直 Two planes of vibration at right angles to each other. 且o光为振动面垂直 于主截面的偏振光； e光为振动面平行于 主截面的偏振光； 5）正晶体与负晶体 Positive crystal and negative crystal Negative crystal: ne no Positive crystal: ne no 78o 78o 6）用惠更斯原理解释双折射现象 因O光沿各向传播的速度是相同的，故O光的波面是球面。 而e光在晶体内沿各向传播的 速度不相同，所以e光的波面 是椭球面。 正晶体-- 负晶体-- 在晶体内一个点波 源发光的波阵面： 78o 光轴 正晶体 负晶体 o光 e光 光轴 （负晶体） incident ray lie in the principal section： A）There is a angle between optic axis and crystal surface