科普知识学英语 纳米成像技术取得突破.docVIP

A team of researchers has made a major breakthrough in measuring the structure of nanomaterials under extremely high pressures. For the first time, they developed a way to get around the severe distortions of high-energy X-ray beams that are used to image the structure of a gold nanocrystal. The technique, described in April 9, 2013, issue of Nature Communications, could lead to advancements of new nanomaterials created under high pressures and a greater understanding of what is happening in planetary interiors. Lead author of the study, Wenge Yang of the Carnegie Institutions High Pressure Synergetic Consortium explained: The only way to see what happens to such samples when under pressure is to use high-energy X-rays produced by?synchrotron（同步加速器）?sources. Synchrotrons can provide highly coherent X-rays for advanced 3-D imaging with tens of nanometers of resolution. This is different from incoherent X-ray imaging used for medical examination that has micron spatial resolution. The high pressures fundamentally change many properties of the material. ? The team found that by averaging the patterns of the bent waves -- the diffraction patterns -- of the same crystal using different sample alignments in the instrumentation, and by using an algorithm developed by researchers at the London Centre for Nanotechnology, they can compensate for the distortion and improve spatial resolution by two orders of magnitude. ? The wave distortion problem is analogous to prescribing eyeglasses for the diamond?anvil（铁砧）?cell to correct the vision of the coherent X-ray imaging system, remarked Ian Robinson, leader of the London team. ? The researchers subjected a 400-nanometer (.000015 inch) single crystal of gold to pressures from about 8,000 times the pressure at sea level to 64,000 times that pressure, which is about the pressure in Earths upper mantle, the layer between the outer core and crust. ? The team conducted the imaging experiment at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne N