Conductivity电导率测试原理.pptVIP

WTW GmbH Co. KG Dr.-Karl-Slevogt-Stra?e 1 D-82362 Weilheim Tel. + 49/(0)881-183-0 Conductivity More than 100 years old measuring technique Sum parameter Substances with strong polar or ionic bonding dissolve in water to ions (?electrolytic dissociation“) Introduction Electrolytic conductivity κ depends on concentration c and the molar conductivity λ: κ = λ . C λ is the sum of ionic movability I+/- of anions and cations (valid only for strongly diluted solutions). Else: Square root rule of Kohlrausch or Debye-Hückel-Onsager-theory of strong electrolytes. Ionic movability depends on: charge, ion radius, number of hydratation, viscosity, temperature. Liquids with dissolved ions are conductors Principles of Measuring e- e- cathode anode + - Resistance: [Ohm; Ω] Conductance: [Siemens; S] Volume resistivity: Cell factor/cell constant K l Ohm′s Law A Electrolytic conductance: k [W-1 m-1]=[S/m] Examples of low conductivity (μS/cm) 0,055 1 10 100 1000 Pure water Water for pharmaceutical purposes Ion exchanger desalination Drinking water Medium and high conductivity in aqueous solutions (mS/cm) 1 10 100 1000 sewage food acid, base Probes 2-electrode cell: Designed for use in low conducting liquids, different shapes of electrodes (plates, concentric pipes), range between 0.0001 μS/cm and 200 μS/cm. 4-electrode cell: Middle-range and high-range conductivity up to 2 S/cm. 2-cell electrode E1 E2 Amount of the voltage between the two plates depends on the conductivity of the solution 4-electrode cell U E1 E2 d E3 E4 Current supply via E1 and E2. Electrodes E3 and E4 measure the loss of voltage along d. A measure of the resistance or conductivity is the amount of the supplied current. Influences on conductivity: Charge per ion Degree of dissociation: available amount of charges Concentration: abs