The Roots of Medicine and Ancient Medicine-中文-the2nd part.pptVIP

The period full of contradiction 中世纪是一段充满矛盾的历史 在此期间，希腊的理性传统（Greek rationality）并没有消失殆尽，这种理性传统仍旧对我们文化和科学中的某些部分发挥着影响。但是强大的宗教力量时常逼迫人们返回到史前的原始自然观当中。在医学上，因为宗教的原因，盖伦理论体系中的错误被传递千年（ kept the mistakes in galens theory unrevealed for thousand years），一直没有被揭示出来。 但宗教也不是一无是处（The religion is no too bad），宗教为我们建立了历史上第一所医院和第一所大学。 评价中世纪的文化发展，历史学家面对着对复杂和多样化的历史潮流进行评判的艰难任务。/In seeking to evaluate the cultural developments of the middle Ages, the historian faces the difficult task of appraising complex and heterogeneous（多种多样的） trends. Overview 2. The Age of Faith信仰的年代 想要知道欧洲中世纪的千年历史中为什么没有多少科学的进步，我们就要从这样一个问题开始：雅典、亚历山大里亚和罗马的学术一息尚存之时，哲学和科学上有什么样的观点以及统治人们思想的宗教信仰是什么。 Science: Aristotle s complete works ceased to be read or were lost. 科学：亚里士多德的全集不再被人们阅读，逐渐丢失了。 Philosophy: Neoplatonism became the prevalent philosophy. 哲学：新柏拉图主义开始盛行 Religion: Christianity began to triumph. 宗教：基督教取得了胜利 PLATO (c.428 – 347 BC) Socrates‘ disciple Plato deduced theories of nature from human needs and desires, and showed the influence of the Pythagorean（毕达哥拉斯的） mystical doctrines of form and number. He despised experiment as a base mechanic art or blamed it as impious, though he prized highly the deductive subjects such as mathematics. ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BC) Son of a doctor Plato’s student Considered “Father of Biology” Aristotle was a disciple of Plato, but, being himself chiefly engaged in the study of individual animals and other bodies, he did not follow Plato into extreme idealistic ‘realism’（唯实论）. He held in a modified form what afterwards came to be called ‘nominalism’（唯名论）, which gives reality to individuals, though Aristotle allowed some reality also to ‘forms’ or universals. Thus Aristotle was a philosopher as well as a naturalist. 2. The Age of Faith信仰的年代 Science: Aristotle s complete works ceased to be read or were lost. 科学：亚里士多德的全集不再被人们阅读，逐渐丢失了。 Philosophy: Neoplatonism became the prevalent philosophy. 哲学：新柏拉图主义开始盛行。 Religion: Christianity