Chapter 7 ContinuedCover Eqs. 7.1 through 7.6.ppt

Introduction to Materials Science, Chapter 7, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Chapter 7 Continued Cover Eqs. 7.1 through 7.6 Solid-Solution Strengthening III Strengthening by increase of dislocation density Strain Hardening Work Hardening Cold Working Ductile metals strengthen when deformed plastically at temperatures well below melting point. Reason ? increased dislocation density. Average distance between dislocations decreases; dislocations start blocking each others motion. Percent cold work %CW ?degree of plastic deformation: %CW another measure of degree of plastic deformation, like strain. where A0 is the original cross-section area, Ad is the area after deformation. Strain Hardening II New yield strength ?yi higher than initial yield strength, ?y0. Reason ? strain hardening. Strain Hardening III Yield strength + hardness increased due to strain hardening, but ductility decreased material becomes more brittle . Strain Hardening IV Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth Plastic deformation increases dislocation density + changes grain size distribution Therefore, stored strain energy dislocation strain fields + grain distortions External stress removed: most dislocations, grain distortions and associated strain energy retained. Restoration to state before cold-work by heat-treatment: ? Recovery and Recrystallization, followed by grain growth. Recovery Heating ? increased diffusion ? enhanced dislocation motion ? decrease in dislocation density by annihilation, formation of low-energy dislocation configurations ? relieves internal strain energy Some of the mechanisms of dislocation annihilation: vacancies slip plane Edge dislocation Recrystallization I After recovery grains can still be strained. Strained grains replaced upon heating by strain-free grains with low density of dislocations. Recrystallization: nucleation and growth of new grain