Bridge engineering handbook桥梁工程手册-40地震改造实践.pdfVIP

40 Seismic Retrofit Practice 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Identification and Prioritization Hazard • Structural Vulnerability • Risk Analysis James Roberts 40.3 Performance Criteria California Department of Transportation 40.4 Retrofit Design Brian Maroney Conceptual Design • Retrofit Strategies • Analysis • Aesthetics California Department of Transportation 40.5 Construction 40.6 Costs 40.7 Summary 40.1 Introduction Until the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, most of the United States had not been concerned with seismic design for bridges, although some 37 states have some level of seismic hazard and there are hundreds of bridges in these other states that have been designed to seismic criteria that are not adequate for the seismic forces and displacements that we know today. Recent earthquakes, such as the 1971 San Fernando, California; the 1976 Tangshan, China [3]; the 1989 Loma Prieta, California; the 1994 Northridge, California; and the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, have repeatedly demonstrated the seismic vulnerability of existing bridges and the urgent need for seismic retrofit. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) owns and maintains more than12,000 bridges (spans over 6 m) and some 6000 other highway structures such as culverts (s