Antimicrobial Drugs.ppt

Antimicrobial Drugs Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotic: Substance produced by a microorganism that in small amounts inhibits the growth of another microbe. Antibiotic producing microbes include: Gram-Positive Rods: Bacillus subtilis: Bacitracin Bacillus polymyxa: Polymyxin Fungi Penicillium notatum: Penicillin Cephalosporium spp.: Cephalothin Actinomycetes: Streptomyces venezuelae: Chloramphenicol Streptomyces griseus: Streptomycin Streptomyces nodosus: Amphotericin B Micromonospora purpurea: Gentamycin Penicillium Colony Inhibits Bacterial Growth Antibacterials: Relatively easy to develop and find with low toxicity because procaryotic cells are very different from host cells. Antihelminthic, antiprotozoan, and antifungal drugs: More difficult to develop because eucaryotic cells resemble human cells. Antivirals: Most difficult to develop because virus reproduces using host cell enzymes and machinery. Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity Broad Spectrum: Effective against many different types of bacteria (e.g.: both gram positive and negative). Examples: Tetracyclin Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics: Effective against a subset of bacteria (either gram positive and negative). Examples: Penicillin, Isoniazid (Mycobacteria only} Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Action Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis: Interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis. Result in cell lysis. Low toxicity. E.g.: Penicillin and vancomycin. Other antibiotics in the penicillin family (B-lactams): Ampicillin, Methicillin, and Oxacillin Structure of Penicillin and Related Antibiotics Penicillinase and Penicillin Resistance Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Action Inhibition of Protein Synthesis: Interfere with procaryotic (70S) ribosomes, also found in mitochondria. Most have broad spectrum of activity Tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline Inhibit Protein Synthesis Chloramphenicol Inh