2015年Text 1.docVIP

2001年Text 1 Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. accumulation n 积累 累积 堆积物 splitting up 裂开 分开 split adj 劈开的 vt 分离 使分离 vi 离开 被劈开 subject matter 主题 主旨 unit n 单位 单元 装置 basis n 基础 底部 主要成分 基本原则 或者原理 specialization n 专门化 特殊化 特化作用 professionalization n 专业化 职业化 No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. clear-cut adj 清晰地 轮廓鲜明地 distinction n 区别 差别 特性 荣誉 amateur n 爱好者 业余爱好者 adj 业余的 外行的 fully integrated 完全整合 integrated adj 综合的 完整的 互相协调的 v 整合 使成为整体 community n 社区 （生态）群落 共同体 团体 scientific community 科学界 consequent n 结果 adj 随之发生的 作为结果的 implied adj 含蓄的 暗指的 vt 暗示 意味 laboratory n 实验室 研究室 in terms of 依据 按照 在……方面 geology n 地质学 地质情况 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also