语篇分析5晁红.pptVIP

Approaches to Discourse Analysis 晁红 1.Pragmatics语境在语篇分析中的作用 语境在语篇分析中对于正确理解语篇的语义，解释其交际意图及其包含的文化背景知识具有非常重要的意义 理解语境的几个基本方法 Reference (deixis: here now I you this that ) Presupposition Implicature Inference Implicature Grice Cooperative Principle 1 quantity maxim 2 quality maxim 3 relation maxim 4 manner maxim Birmingham School of Discourse Analysis Sinclair和Couthard于1975年提出 这个模式考察材料：课堂内教师与学生的对话语言。 具有等级系统的话语描写模式 把话语结构分为五级，下级单位组成上级单位 2. Schema Theory 图式理论是指围绕某一主题组织起来的知识的表征和贮存方式。它是一种关于知识的认知模式（记忆理解模式)。 schema theory is an umbrella term covering a range of individual cognitive models at the heart of which are situated the core concept schema and the attendant concepts frame and script. I t is also a kind of model of human understanding and memory. Script 有顺序性的事件的图式则可称之为脚本是描述某个典型系列事件的图式，如逛商店，饭店用餐等。Script is a chunk of knowledge which describe a predetermined stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation. 例如：机场事物摹本可以包括如下知识 机场是乘飞机的地方 人们到机场要支付机场建设费 要验票后登机 Schema theory is a powerful tool in DA as it can help to explain both coherence and article choice. For example: The taxi was late. The driver couldnt find our house. The sailor could not find our house. 3 Conversation analysis premise（前提）:Talk in face-to-face interaction, including casual conversation, is fundamentally ordered. content(内容): seek to understand how participants make sense of, find their way about in, and act on the circumstances in which they find themselves. aim(目的)：understand the patterns of social life or behavior characteristics(特点）：reject idealization or generalization Sacks, Schegloff , Jefferson “轮番说话“（turn-taking）理论 “邻近配对”（adjacent-pair）理论 包括：问--答 问候--问候 例如：A：Good morning. B: ? 4. Ethnography, language ecology, linguistic ethnography Ethnography(民族志) premise（前提）:not confind to spoken face-to-face interaction or communication involving language. broader scope and method content(内容