官学化背景下两湖民间书院建筑形态衍化探讨.pdfVIP

官学化背景下两湖民间书院建筑形态衍化 探讨 * TheResearch On theDerivation 0fArchitecturaIPatternsoftheFoIk AcademiesImpactedbyOfficialTrendinHubeiandHunanProvinces 李晓峰 1 潘方东 陈 刚3 LiXiaofeng PanFangdong ChenGang 摘要 书院之名始见于唐代，发展于宋代，是实施教学、藏书与研究三结合的教育机构。元代时，元世祖首次下令广 设书院，并将书院山长定为学官，是书院官学化的开始。清初统治者抑制书院自主发展，使之官学化更突出，科举取 士成为统治者选拔官员的主要途径，书院也逐渐变为科举考试的附庸。书院发端于私学，原属于官学系统之外的教育 机构，但在古代专制的社会条件下，书院从它建立的时候起，就开始其官学化的历程。官学化也导致书院在形制和功 能上有了新的变化。文章聚焦于两湖民间书院特点，探究清代以后书院在官学影响之下形制和空间的彳三亍化，并分析其 成因，以期对民间书院官学化有更深入的认识。 关键词 民间书院 ；建筑形态 ；官学化 ；衍化 ABSTRACT AlthoughthenameofChineseAncientAcademy(Shuyuan)wasfoundinTangdynasty，itgot realgreatdevelopmentduringSong dynastyand thenbecamean educationalinstitutionwhich implementeda combination ofteaching，libraryand research．W hentheemperorKublaiofearlyYuan dynastyannounced the decreeofexpanding thenumberofthe Academiesalloverthe country，thepresidentsoftheAcademieswere appointedaseducationalofficers，theAcademiesturnedtothetrendofofficialthen However．thegovernmentof earlyQingdynastysuppressedthedevelopingofacademywithfreedom．Astheimperialexaminationwastakenas themainwayoftheselectionsofofficials，theAcademyhadgraduallybecomeavassaloftheimperialexamination system Asweknew．theChineseAncientAcademycamefO『m privateacademy．Ithadbeen aninstitutionout ofofficialschoolsand taken asthe supplementofofficialschools．ButtheAcademieswere inprogressofthe officialtrendundertheancientautocracyevensincetheywerefoundedup．Theofficialtrendalso caused some changesinlayoutsandfunctionsoftheAncientAcademies．Consideringthecharacteristicsofthefolkacademies ofHubeiandHunan，thepaperfocusesonthechangesofthelayoutsandfunctionsandanalysisthecauseofthe derivationsinordertogetmoreunderstandingoftheofficialtrendofChineseAncientAcademies KEY W0RDS thefolkacademies，patternofbuilding，theofficialtrend，derivation *国家 自然科学基金 ：明清江西——湖广——四川I多元文化线路上的传统戏场及其衍化、传承与保护研究，项 目编号 中图分类号 TU241．5 文献标识码 A DOL 1O3969／j．issn．100005．058 文章编号 1000—0232(2014