细胞分子生物学 第12章 转录后基因调控和核转运.pptVIP

12 POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE CONTROL AND NUCLEAR TRANSPORT 12.1 Processing of Eukaryotic Pre-mRNA 12.2 Regulation of Pre-mRNA Processing 12.3 Macromolecular Transport Across the Nuclear Envelope 12.4 Cytoplasmic Mechanisms of Post- transcriptional Control 12.5 Processing of rRNA and tRNA 12.1 Processing of Eukaryotic Pre-mRNA The 5’ Cap Is Added to Nascent RNAs Shortly After Initiation by RNA Polymerase II 3 Cleavage and Polyadenylation of Pre-mRNAs Are Tightly Coupled Splicing Occurs at Short, Conserved Sequences in Pre-mRNAs via Two Transesterification Reactions 12.2 Regulation of Pre-mRNA Processing Because of alternative splicing of primary transcripts and cleavage at different poly(A) sites, different mRNAs may be expressed from the same gene in different cell types or at different developmental stages 12.3 Macromolecular Transport Across the Nuclear Envelope Large and Small Molecules Enter and Leave the Nucleus via Nuclear Pore Complexes Proteins imported to or exported from the nucleus contain a specific amino acid sequence that functions as a nuclear-localization signal (NLS) or a nuclear-export signal (NES). Control of Some Genes Is Achieved by Regulating Transport of Transcription Factors 12.4 Cytoplasmic Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Control hnRNA 加工成熟的调节 mRNA 运输、胞浆内稳定性的调节 mRNA的稳定性由合成速率和降解速率共同决定 Micro RNAs (miRNAs)可通过形成不对应的配对,在3’区域形成非翻译区的特殊mRNA来抑制翻译的进行； RNA Interference Induces Degradation of mRNAs with Sequences Complementary to Double-Stranded RNAs 12.5 Processing of rRNA and tRNA Pre-rRNA Genes Are Similar in All Eukaryotes A large precursor pre-rRNA (45S in humans) synthesized by RNA polymerase I undergoes cleavage, exonucleolytic digestion Synthesis and processing of pre-rRNA occur in the nucleolus. Pre-tRNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase III in the nucleoplasm are processed by removal of the 5-end sequence, addition of CCA to the 3 end, and modification of multiple internal bases All species of RN