Session2语言学的研究.ppt

p.11 p.12 p.12 p.13 p.13 Realization Realization rules show how the paradigmatic choices in the systems are expressed as syntagmatic chains in the structures of the language. The process of realization can be considered as a mapping from choices to chains, from function to form. Butt, et al. 2000, p.7 Systemic functional linguistics views language as having levels or strata. The relationship between the different levels or strata is one of “realisation”. Context is realised by discourse semantics. Discourse semantics is realised by lexicogrammar. Lexicogrammar is realised by phonology and graphology. Realization patterns The ideational meanings which represent reality in language are “realized through the Transitivity and Clause Complex pattern of the grammar”; the interpersonal meanings which express interpersonal relationships between the addresser and the addressee are “realized through the Mood patterns of the grammar”; the textual meanings which organize information in particular ways are “realized through the Theme patterns of the grammar” (Eggins, 2004, p.111). The clause is the basic unit of analysis The rank scale: Text – consists of one ore more sentences Sentence – consists of one or more clauses Clause – consists of groups (and phrases) Group – consists of words (and/or groups/phrases/clauses) Phrase – consists of words (and/or groups/phrases/clauses) Word – consists of one or more morphemes Morpheme – consists of one or more phonemes At the lake shore there was another rowboat drawn up.  The two Indians stood waiting.  Nick and his father got in the stern of the boat  and the Indians shoved it off  and one of them got in to row.  Uncle George sat in the stern of the camp rowboat.  The young Indian shoved the camp boat off  and got in to row Uncle George.  The two boats started off in the dark.  Nick heard the oar-locks of the other boat quite a way ahead of them in the mist.  The Indians rowed with quick, choppy strokes.  N