Electric Vehicles.PPT

Electric Vehicles Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Ron Chestnut, EV Addict August, 2001 Topics of Discussion California Air Resources Board Pollution and Health Zero Emission Vehicles Mandates and Free Market Hybrid Vehicles CARB Part of mission is ZERO Emission Vehicles ZEV Mandate initiated in 1990 Original goal was 2% in 1998 Next goal was 10% in 2003 Current goal is 4% in 2003 Why Mandates? Auto Advances Safety Glass Seat Belts Smog Control Air Bags Rear-view Mirrors Low speed impact effects Motor not entering cabin on crash Some Acronyms EV - Electric Vehicle ZEV - Zero Emission Vehicle ICE - Internal Combustion Engine LEV - Low Emission Vehicle ULEV – Ultra Low Emission Vehicle SULEV - Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle CARB - California Air Resources Board Some Numbers One kWh = 3.6 x 10^6 Joules=3410 BTU 100 kW = about 135 Horsepower 120,000 BTU = about 35 kWhor about 1 Gallon of gas EV-1 consumption is about 4.5 miles/kWh or 120 mpg or 2 liters/100 km equivalent 1999 Smog Watch Reactive Organic Gases 1995 Data - ARB Pollution Inventory 1960 and ZEV CA Pollution Standards Standards’ Data(grams/mile) Fuel Cycle Emissions 5 of the top 7 stationary pollution sources are refineries in the Bay area For perfectly functioning ULEV cars, 1/3 of the pollution is upstream Gasoline itself is the problem! Gasoline Supply EV Production City Electric Vehicles (CEV) Neighborhood EVs (NEV) Electric Production Mix Old Fossil plants efficiency about 33% New plants will be combined-cycle gas plants, about 50-60% efficient Oil to refined gas efficiency is about 80% ICE Efficiency Efficiency Comparison Oil to Refined Gas - 80% Tank to Wheels16% Energy Efficiency13% Power Plant to Plug - 33% Battery to Wheels80% Energy Efficiency26% EV Driver Enthusiasm Minimal Maintenance 1-2 cents per mile operating cost Quick and fast Wonderful support teams Pride in not polluting The wave of the future Auto Maker Reluctance First Wave will be least profitable F