Chapter 18 Vaccines.ppt

Chapter 18 Vaccines Termed coined by Pasteur to honor Jenner’s work Vaccines are cost-effective uses of our immune system Dramatic reduction of Diptheria Measles Mumps Pertussis Polio Tetanus No more naturally acquired cases of smallpox! Still a significant need for new vaccines For other diseases: TB malaria HIV Increase safety of present vaccine, lower cost, and dissemination Road to vaccine development is long and laden with: Side effects Exascerbation of disease state Acquisition of disease state! Immunization: Passive Immunity Short-term protection Transient protection (remedy for current problem) Involves transfer of preformed Ig: between ? and fetus (trans-placental) colostrum Or by injection Given to those exposed to botulism, tetanus, diptheria, hepatitis, rabies, measles, snake/insect bites Provides immediate protection to healthcare/travellers Passive immunity does not activate IS! and produces no memory Immunization: Risks of Passive Immunity If Antibody is produced in another spp, the human recipient can produce an IR vs it… In some ? IgE production vs isotypic Ab - systemic mast cell degran - anaphylaxis In others ? IgM or IgG vs isotype - complement activation - Type III Rxn If human gammaglobulin results can be less severe Immunization: Active Immunization and Long-term protection Promotes protective immunity and imm memory Is achieved by: Natural infection Artificial intro of whole cells/antigens Immune system plays an ACTIVE role - stim Ag-reactive T/B cells Immunizations have played a sig role in decrease of infect. disease –esp in children Yet, recent drop in immunization rates Childhood vaccines 7 major vaccines: HepB DTaP IPV MMR Hib Var PCV *children require booster shots for most… (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2002) Adult vaccines (dep on risk group) For those living in close quarters/ ? immunity Meningitis (Hib) Pneumonia (PCV) Influenza For travelers to endemic areas: Cholera Meningits Typhus