Impedance Spectroscopy.ppt

Introduction IS measures the resistance of a circuit to an applied voltage Z(t) = E(t)/I(t), Z(?)=E(?)/I(?) When E is applied as a sinusoidal function in a linear system, I response can be represented by a sum of sinusoidal fuctions with phase shifts. If an equivalent circuit for the system being probed can be constructed, then the resistance or capacitance values for each circuit element can be backed out from Z. Background – Impedance and Circuit Elements E(t) = E0cos(?t), ?=2?f I(t) = I0 cos(?t-?) Or, if one writes in complex notation: E(t) = E0 exp(i?t) I(t) = I0 exp(i?t - i?) Z(t) = Z0 exp(i?) = Z0 (cos ? + isin ?) Plotting Impedance ? Plotting Impedance Circuit Elements from Electrochemistry Electrolyte resistance Double layer capacitance (~30?F/cm2 for aqueous systems) Polarization resistance Charge transfer resistance Coating capacitance Constant phase element (a fudge factor) Virtual inductor (adsorption?) And… Diffusion (aka Warburg Impedance) Warburg impedance = diffusion of chemical species to a large planar electrode Equivalent Circuit Model for Electrochemical Cells Some Applications of IS Determine corrosion rates of materials* Measure capacitance and resistance of SAMs to ascertain thickness and packing quality Probe linearity of electrical/electrochemical reactions Characterize electrical activity across interfaces to determine carrier concentration, etc. Determine diffusion rate of counter ions in conducting polymer/carbon nanotube composites * Impedance Spectroscopy (Or, how a sinusoidally varying voltage is usedto probe multiple electrical properties of materials) Yun-Ju (Alex) Lee June 13, 2002 Especially in electrochemical impendance spectroscopy (EIS), the the voltage probe signal is small (1-10mV) so the current response is pseudolinear (side benefit: it doesn’t perturb the sample very much) A Bard and L Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (2000) /G2/Appnotes/Reference/eistheory/theory/EIS_Theo