Lecture 18.ppt

Lecture 18 Atomic Structure. Chemical Bonds. Electronic Shells Chemical Bonds Chemical Equations Quantum Numbers Shells and Subshells Shells and Subshells Number of Electrons in Closed Shells The larger the l, the more electrons can occupy the corresponding subshell. Chemical Properties of Elements Chemical Properties of Elements Chemical Bonds Atom Groups Chemical Equations * Three quantum numbers determine the size and shape of the probability cloud of an atomic electron. n ? the principal quantum number l ? the orbital quantum number ml ? the magnetic quantum number The fourth quantum number is ms ? spin magnetic quantum number. In an unexcited hydrogen atom, the electron is in its quantum state of the lowest energy. Only 1 electron can exist in each quantum state of an atom. Electrons with the same quantum number n are about the same distance from the nucleus, move in about the same electric field, and have similar energies. Such electrons occupy the same atomic shell. The energy of an electron depends also on the quantum number l. The higher the value of l, the higher the energy. Electrons with the same value of l in a shell occupy the same subshell. The subshells in a shell of given n can have any value of l from 0 to n?1. The n=1 shell has only the single subshell l=0. The n=2 shell has 2 subshells l=0 and l=1. The n=3 shell has 3 subshells l=0, l=1, and l=2. The exclusion principle limits the number of electrons in a shell or a subshell. A shell or subshell with the maximum number of allowed electrons is called closed. If l = 0, then the maximum number of electrons is 2. For l = 1, it is 6. For l = 2, it is 10. Thus, the total allowed number of electrons in a closed shell is: n = 1 may have 2 electrons with l = 0 n = 2 may have 2 l =0 electrons and 6 l = 1 electrons Inert (Noble) Gases: Outer shells are closed ? the electrons are tightly bound to the atom ? chemically passive Hydrogen and Alkali Metals: Single outer electrons, which see only