Lecture 18Hydrological modelling.ppt

Lecture 18Hydrological modelling Outline: Basics of hydrology Creating hydrologically correct DEMs Modelling catchment variables Basics of Hydrology The “Golden Rule” of hydrology..... “water flows down hill” under force of gravity BUT, may move up through system via: capillary action in soil hydraulic pressure in groundwater aquifers evapotranspiration The hydrological cycle Representation of: flows water energy suspended/dissolved materials inputs/outputs to/from sub-systems catchment/watershed atmosphere water stores (soil, bedrock, channel, etc.) Catchment models Catchment-based models: spatial representation lumped distributed process representation black-box grey-box white-box Spatial representations Process representations Role of DTMs Surface shape determines water behaviour characterise surface using DTM slope aspect (altitude) delineate drainage system: catchment boundary (watershed) sub-catchments stream network quantify catchment variables soil moisture, etc. flow times... catchment response DEMs for hydrology More spatial variables Other key catchment variables: soils type and association derived characteristics geology type derived characteristics land use vegetation cover management practices artificial drainage storm drains/sewers Catchment inputs/outputs Inputs: precipitation (rain or snow) suspended/dissolved load pollutants (point source/non-point source) Outputs: stream discharge water vapour (evapotranspiration) groundwater recharge/transfer suspended/dissolved load pollutants Catchment stores GIS-based catchment models Use data layers to represent: catchment characteristics inputs and outputs water stored in system flows within system Calculations between layers used to: represent relationships model processes predict RESPONSE Question… Why do we need to correct DEM to be hydrologically correct? What problems might occur if we use an uncorrected DEM? Calculating flow direction ArcGRID... flowdirection determines direction of flo