Formation of chemical bonds.ppt

Formation of chemical bonds The role of electrons Learning objectives Describe the octet rule Predict number of valence electrons on atom Write Lewis dot structures for atoms and ions Predict ionic charges Predict composition of simple ionic compounds Describe difference between ionic and covalent bonds Describe differences between ionic and covalent compounds Predict when ionic or covalent compounds are formed Describe a polar bond Driving force for bonds Chemical bonds make atoms more stable than they are if non-bonded Bond formation involves changes in the electrons on two atoms Electron transfer Electron sharing Noble gases provide clues The Octet Rule: Happiness is a filled shell All elements strive to become a noble gas, at least as far as the electrons are concerned. Filling the outer shell – 8 electrons Achieve this by adding electrons Or taking them away The valence shell Valence electrons: Only the electrons in the outer shell matter Core electrons: Filled inner shells don’t participate Filled valence shells means no bond formation – noble gases Unfilled shells mean reactivity Lewis dot model The nucleus and all of the core electrons are represented by the element symbol The valence electrons are represented by dots – one for each electron Number of dots in Lewis model is equal to group number (in 1 – 8 system) Remember this simple rule!! Number of dots in Lewis model is equal to group number (in 1 – 8 numbering system) Filled shells by gain or loss of electrons Rules to predict ion charge Cation Charge = group number Anion Charge = - (8 - group number) Practice with a few examples Ionic bonding Transfer of electrons Create one positive ion – cation One negative ion – anion Cation loses electrons Anion gains electrons Sodium chloride provides example Composition depends on ionic charge (group number) Charges must balance: compounds are neutral – ions are charged Total cation charges = total anion charges One Ca2+ two F- Determining formulae Overal