Hydrogen Bonding.ppt

Hydrogen Bonding Jianing Li Department of Chemistry Columbia University March 10th , 2007 Let’s do a puzzle first: It’s a compound containing two elements M.p.=0?°C, B.p=100 °C It’s odorless, tasteless, clear in liquid state It’s the essential to life It’s dihydrogen oxide (water) A Special Molecule: H2O Two Special properties of H2O In the state of liquid under room temperature ? boiling point Water is attracted to itself ? surface tension The answer is : Hydrogen bond H bond in complex molecules Where does H bond come from? Why F, O and N? Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. An electronegative atom pulls more of the electron density from the bond towards itself. The origin of hydrogen bonds Hydrogen: attached directly to one of the most electronegative elements Electronegative elements: not only significantly negative charged, but also has at least one active lone pair. Electrons: contained in a relatively small volume of space which therefore has a high density of negative charge. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/hbond.html Look back to the water What hydrogen bonds help to do? Multiple hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of the DNA double helix together hold polypeptides together in such secondary structures as the alpha helix and the beta conformation help enzymes bind to their substrates help antibodies bind to their antigen help transcription factors bind to each other and DNA …… Let’s have a qualitative idea Bond length: X-H...Y system: X-H distance is typically ~1.1 ?, whereas H...Y distance is ~ 1.6 to 2.0 ?. The length of hydrogen bonds depends on bond strength, temperature, and pressure. The bond strength itself is dependent on temperature, pressure, bond angle, and environment (usually characterized by local dielectric constant). The typical length of a hydrogen bond in water is 1.97 ? (197 pm). Let’s have a qualitative idea Bond energy: Hydr