第10章_寡头垄断和垄断竞争.ppt

寡头和垄断竞争 第10章 不完全竞争者的行为 10.1 市场势力 Market power signifies (表示) the degree of control that a firm or a small number of firms has over the price and production decisions in an industry. The most common measure of market power is the four-firm concentration ratio. 4企业集中度 集中度测定时要注意的 Conventional concentration measures include only domestic production and exclude imports. Conventional concentration measures also ignore the growing impact of competition from other industries. 不完全竞争的性质 Economists have found that three major factors are present in imperfectly competitive markets: Costs Barriers to competition Strategic interaction (策略互动) 不完全竞争的结果 Inefficient allocation of resources: P MC High levels of RD spending per dollar of sales. 不完全竞争的理论 Three of the most important cases of imperfect competition: Collusive oligopoly (合谋寡头) Monopolistic competition Small-number oligopoly 策略互动 Strategic interaction is a term that describes how each firm’s business strategy depends on their rivals’ strategies. As the number of firms in an industry shrink (减少), each firm is more likely to base pricing and output decisions on how other firms are likely to respond. 寡头的合作与非合作选择 When there are only a small number of firms in a market, they have a choice between cooperative (合作) and noncooperative (非合作) behavior. 合谋 Collusion occurs when one or more firms jointly (共同地) set prices or outputs, divide the market among themselves, or make other business decisions jointly. Such collusion can be either explicit or tacit (公开的或默许的). 公开合谋 One example of explicit (清楚的，公开的) collusion would be that of the Gilded Age oligopolists (市场供应垄断者) in the early years of American capitalism. These oligopolists formed trusts or cartels (托拉斯或卡特尔) to set prices. 美国的反托拉斯法 《谢尔曼法》是在1890年通过的，100多年来基本未变。它有两条主要条款： 第1条，任何限制州际或与外国的贸易和商业的合同、托拉斯或其他形式的合并或阴谋，都是非法的。 第2条，任何将实行垄断、或企图实行垄断、或与他人合并或密谋策划以谋求对州际或与外国的贸易和商业的任一部分实行垄断的人，均将被视为犯罪。 以后的变化 1974年，对谢尔曼法进行了修正，判违法以重罪而不是轻罪。 现在，公司可被罚款最高达100万美元，个人可被罚款最高达10万美元，且可被判最高达三年的监禁。 另外，在