THE ROCK CYCLE.ppt

A. Volcanic cones 2) Cinder cones – Smallest volcanic cone Layered ash and cinders Ex: El Paricutin A. Volcanic cones 2) Cinder cones Short, narrow cone, Steep sides Violent eruptions A. Volcanic cones Lassen National Monument, CA A. Volcanic cones 3) Composite or stratovolcanoes – Layered ash, lava, and mud Intermediate to felsic lava Steep sides, due to lava’s high viscosity A. Volcanic cones 3) Composite or stratovolcanoes – Tall volcanoes – 1 to 2 miles high Violent eruptions A. Volcanic cones Mt. St. Helens, WA III. Volcanic Landforms B) Flood basalts Large outpourings of basaltic lava Multiple, quiet eruptions Lava plateau B) Flood basalts A portion of the Columbia Flood Basalts in WA III. Volcanic Landforms C) Calderas Large depressions ( 1km) from violent eruptions Ugashik Caldera, AK C) CalderasTwo methods of formation: Method 1: Volcano rapidly empties its magma chamber, and support is lost C) Calderas Method 1 (cont.): Overlying material collapses into magma chamber Caldera forms C) Calderas Ex: Crater Lake, OR C) CalderasTwo methods of formation: Method 2: Volcano blows its top, leaving behind a void Inside the cone. C) CalderasTwo methods of formation: Method 2: Volcano blows its top, leaving behind a void Inside the cone. IV. Volcanic hazards IV. Volcanic hazards Lahars (hot mud flows) IV. Volcanic hazards Lahars Sources of water Melting ice caps Excess rainfall IV. Volcanic hazards B) Nuee Ardentes (Glowing Ash flows) Clouds of dense gas and debris French for “glowing cloud” High speeds and high temperatures IV. Volcanic hazards How does a Nuee Ardente form? Volcano erupts Hot debris rises Gravity takes over IV. Volcanic hazards How does a Nuee Ardente form?(cont’d) Debris descends rapidly (200 mph) Flows down mountain slopes Travel up to 80 miles IV. Volcanic hazards C) Tsunamis Wave generated by volcanic explosion Japanese for harbor wave IV. Volcanic hazards Tsunamis are extremely hazardous Travel vast distances Strike with sho