宾语和宾语补足语.doc

宾语和宾语补足语 我们已经讲解了句子的两大主要成分主语和谓语，今天我们继续讲解句子的另外两成分宾语和宾语补足语。 英语中，行为动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词；接在及物动词之后，用以补充说明主语工作对象的句子成分即为宾语。以She is singing an English song. 为例，she是主语，及物动词sing作谓语。然而只有主语和谓语，本句显得并不完整，她在唱，究竟在唱什么？加上宾语song，听者才会明白。欲了解详情，我们还要从哪些词可作宾语谈起。 一、哪些词可作宾语 1．名词 如：The children (主)are drawing(谓) some pictures(宾) on the blackboard. She(主) loves(谓) her work(宾) because she(主) loves(谓) books(宾).? 主谓宾主谓宾 2．代词 如：You(主)must pay for(谓) it(宾). 主谓宾 We(主)ve done(谓) that(宾) already. 主谓宾 3．数词 如：How many pigs have they got? They(主)ve(谓) got only one(宾). How many birds can you see in the picture? I (主)can see eight(宾). 4．动名词(短语) 如：We(主) started (谓)climbing up(宾) before? it? was? light. I (主)must stop (谓)writing (宾)now.(同上) I (主)enjoy (谓)helping my uncle on the farm(宾). 5．不定式(短语) 如：The doctor(主) wanted (谓)to operate(系). He(主) decided (谓)to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes(宾). They(主) began (谓)to get angry(宾). 6．复合结构(即双宾语和宾语补足语) 如：I(主) find(谓) it very difficult(宾补). She(主) likes (谓)the children to read newspapers(宾补). She(主) found(谓) him a very good pupil(宾补). Many people(主) gave(谓) him(间宾) presents(直补). 7．从句 如：The small children(主)? did not know(谓) who filled their stockings(宾从). (P. 55, B. 3) They (主)know(谓) that Father Christmas isnt real(宾从). (同上) He(主) asked(谓) whether they needed some more tea(宾从). (宾语从句问题详见下文) 8．疑问词+不定式。可见第三册88课例句。 二、直接宾语和间接宾语 一般情况下，当及物动词作谓语(包括一些由不及物动词加介词或副词构成的在功能上相当于及物动词的词组，如take care of，put…on等)时，其后的宾语若表示人，称之为间接宾语；若表示物则谓之直接宾语。这两种宾语可以单独存在，在某些句中亦可同时存在。例如： Do English people like boating? 此句主语为English people，谓语是like，boating属一种体育项目，为直接宾语。We call it football. 此句谓语call系及物动词，其后跟两个宾语：直接宾语football，间接宾语it。一个特例值得注意：在cost后只用间接宾语，表示价格的词用作状语。如： How much do they cost? (They(主) cost (谓)me)(间宾) fifty-five yuan(状语). 就初中阶段所学知识而言，当直接宾语与间接宾语同在时，常出现在某些及物动词之后，形成固定句型。下面分两部分加以说明。 1)在give，show，return，bring，pass，lend，leave(留下)，tell，throw，teach等词之后，形成诸如give sb. sth. give sth. to sb. 之类句型。(teach只用于 teach sb. sth. 当 sth. 为代词 it和them时，只用give sth. to sb. 之类句型)。如： Ill give her