组织的经济学与管理学（英文）ch02 Positioning.ppt

Chapter 2 Positioning George Hendrikse Figure 2.1: Scheme of thought Figure 2.2: Behavioural assumptions and organisation theories What is a firm? Views of the firm Technological Contractual / judicial Psychological Sociological Biological Holistic Game theory A unified analytical structure for studying all situations of conflict and cooperation or A tool for modelling multiperson decision situations Non-cooperative game theory A non-cooperative game consists of 5 ingredients: Players Actions Payoffs Information structure Rules of the game 1. Players Number of players Types Government Firm Consumer Country Student Political party The game tree A Node indicates that a player has to make a decision. A Branch represents a choice or action. Possible choices / actions: Firm: P and C Government: I and N Strategy A specification of an action/choice for each possible history/contingency/ situation which might occur, given the information structure. or Specification of an action/choice for each observable history of the game. Possible strategies of the government are: (I, I) (I, N) (N, I) (N, N) 3. Payoffs Environmental pollution game Costs of inspection 2 Benefit of pollution for firm: 4 Fee for detecting pollution: 5 Equilibrium Nash equilibrium: a payoff maximising strategy for each player, given the choice of strategy of all other players. Game representations Extensive form: tree diagram Strategic form: matrix Environmental pollution game in strategic form Nash Equilibrium Firm: C Government: (I,N) 4. Information structure What are the strategies of Firm and Government? Firm: P C Government: I N NE determination Conclusions Equilibrium changes when the information structure changes. Circling: it can be shown that each player will choose each strategy with a certain probability, i.e. endogenous uncertainty. Subgame perfect equilibrium To be used when there is complete information. Cookie extraction game Nash equilibria Frank: C Ann: (