Mm-Wave InterferometryClaire Chandler课件.ppt

C. Chandler C. Chandler, Synthesis Imaging Summer School, 24 June 2002 Mm-Wave InterferometryClaire Chandler Why a special lecture on mm interferometry? everything about interferometry is more difficult at high frequencies some of the problems are unique to the mm/submm, and affect the way observations are carried out Why do we care about mm/submm? unique science can be done at mm/submm wavelengths, because of the sensitivity to thermal emission from dust and molecular lines e.g.: @ l = 1 mm (n = 300 GHz) hn/k~14 K probe of cool gas and dust in: molecular clouds dust in dense regions star formation in our Galaxy and in the high-redshift universe protoplanetary disks etc… Science at mm/submm wavelengths: dust emission In the Rayleigh-Jeans regime, hn ? kT, Sn = 2kTn2tnW Wm-2Hz-1 c2 dust opacity μ n2 so for optically-thin emission, flux density Sn μ n4; TB μ n2 T emission is brighter at higher frequencies Star-forming galaxies in the early universe Science at mm/submm wavelengths: molecular line emission most of the dense ISM is H2, but H2 has no permanent dipole moment T use trace molecules lines from heavy molecules ? mm lighter molecules (e.g. hydrides) ? submm + many more complex molecules (CH3CH2CN, CH2OHCHO, CH3COOH, etc.) probe kinematics, density, temperature abundances, interstellar chemistry, etc… for an optically-thin line in turns out that Sn μ n4; TB μ n2 (cf. dust) Spectrum of molecular emission from Orion at 345 GHz Problems unique to the mm/submm atmospheric opacity: raises Tsys, attenuates source opacity vs frequency and altitude, typical values calibration techniques, rapid calibration atmospheric phase fluctuations cause of the fluctuations: variable H2O current and planned calibration schemes antennas pointing accuracy, surface accuracy baseline determination instrument stability Problems, continued… millimeter/submm receivers (will not be discussed further) SIS mixers, cryogenics local oscilla