第十二章 微生物基因重组.pdf

第十二章微生物基因重组 （Genetic Recombination in microorganisms） Outline • 原核微生物的基因重组 • 真核微生物的基因重组 Genetic recombination Genetic recombination Transfer of DNA from one organism to another. The transferred donor DNA may then be integrated into the recipients by various mechanisms. Significance Genetic variation Evolution Gene engineering 一、原核微生物的基因重组 Three ways: Three ways: Natural mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria include: Transformation: genes transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA Transduction: DNA transferred from 1 bacteria to another by a virus Conjugation: plasmids transferred 1 bacteria to another via a pilus （一）Transformation （转化） DNA fragments (usually about 20 genes long) from a dead degraded bacterium bind to DNA binding proteins on the surface of a competent （感 受态）recipient bacterium. Nuclease enzymes then cut the bound DNA into fragments. One strand is destroyed and the other One strand penetrates the recipient bacterium. DNA fragment exchanged for a piece of the recipients DNA by means of Rec A proteins. Rec A proteins Transformation, Step-1 A donor bacterium dies and is degraded Transformation, Step-2 A fragment of DNA from the dead donor bacterium binds to DNA binding proteins on the cell wall of a competent, living recipient bacterium. Transformation, Step-3 The Rec A protein promotes genetic exchange between a fragment of the donors DNA and the recipients DNA. Transformation, Step-4 Exchange is complete. （二）Transduction （转导） Transfer of fragments of DNA from one bacterium to another bacterium by a bacteriophage Two types of transduction Generalized transduction Specialized transduction