工程材料即机械制造基础8.pptVIP

Trends in Polymer Processing Applications of plastics have increased at a much faster rate than either metals or ceramics during the last 50 years Many parts previously made of metals are now being made of plastics Plastic containers have been largely substituted for glass bottles and jars Total volume of polymers (plastics and rubbers) now exceeds that of metals (tonnage is still less because density of metals is greater) Properties of plastics Viscosity Viscoelasticity Extrusion Process Complex shapes with constant cross sections can be made with inexpensive tooling Long products Pellets can be made Parameters Screw speed Barrel wall temperatures Die design Cooling and drawing speeds Rated by barrel size, and length/diameter of barrel High capital cost Sheet and films by flat extrusion die Blown film process to produce bags and thin films Thin wall extruded upward and air blown into it Details of an extruder screw inside the barrel (a) Side view cross?section of an extrusion die for solid regular shapes, such as round stock; (b) front view of die, with profile of extrudate Die swell is evident in both views (Some die construction details are simplified or omitted for clarity.) Injection Molding Process Thermoplastics – mold cool Thermosets – molds heated Similar to die casting Three types of molds Cold-runner two-plate Cold-runner three-plate (runner system is separated when mold opens) Hot-runner (no gates, runners, or sprues) Overmolding – mold of joints in one die without bonding Process capability – high rate of production and good dimensional control Mold cost can be high Can be modeled Machines – usually horizontal Rated by capacity of mold and clamping force Typical molding cycle: (1) mold is closed Typical molding cycle: (2) melt is injected into cavity Typical molding cycle: (3) screw is retracted Typical molding cycle: (4) mold opens and part is ejected A large (3000 ton capacity) injection molding machine (courtesy Cincinnati Milacron) Bl