医学英语课堂翻译练习 Translation of Cancer.pptVIP

Example 1 This revolution promises to transform clinical practice from population-based risk assessment and empirical treatment to a predictive, individualized model based on the molecular classification of disease and targeted therapy. 这场革命有望将临床治疗从危险人群评估和经验治疗转化为以疾病分子分类和目标疗法为基础的预见性和个体化的模式。 Example 2 Nowhere is this transformation more apparent than in oncology. 这种转变在肿瘤学中表现得最为明显。 Example 3 Our current taxonomy of cancers, which is based mostly on histopathology, includes more than 200 distinct entities arising from diverse types of cells. 我们现在对癌症的分类基本上是以组织病理学为基础，包括起源于不同细胞类型的200多种癌。 Example 4 The genetic complexity of cancer probably explains the clinical diversity of histologically similar tumors, but it has been difficult to study this diversity with traditional methods, which are best suited to investigating one gene at a time. 癌症的基因复杂多变，解释了组织学上相似的肿瘤具有不同的临床多样性，但是难以用传统方法研究这种多样性，因为传统方法适用于一次研究一个基因。 Example 5 Microarrays are relatively easy to use, yield gene-expression measurements for thousands of genes simultaneously, and can be applied to large numbers of samples in parallel. 相对而言，微阵列容易使用，使同时对几千个基因表达进行测量成为可能，并且能对应地应用到大量的样本中。 Example 6 The resulting gene-expression profiles can be used for the molecular classification of tumors according to their site of origin, their propensity to metastasize, and the likelihood that they will respond to treatment. 由此形成基因表达图谱可用来根据肿瘤的初始位置、转移的可能性以及治疗见效的可能性对肿瘤进行分子分类。 Example 7 A second concern is that in a single sample, microarrays measure thousands of variables, most of which are irrelevant to the clinical end point under investigation. 另一个令人担心的问题是，微阵列在一个样本中测量几千个变量，其中大部分与研究中的临床目的无关。 Example 8 These limitations pose considerable obstacles to the routine use of microarrays in the clinical laboratory, where tests must be highly reliable and easy to interpret. 这些限制便成为临床试验室对微阵列进行常规使用的障碍，而临床试验室的实验必须具有高度可靠性并且易于阐释结果。 Example 9 This predictive tool stratifies populations of patients on the basis of a high, medium, or low respon