托福阅读模拟题之管理学类.docVIP

　　　托福阅读模拟题之管理学类 　　小编今天为大家整理了一份重要的托福阅读备考资料托福阅读模拟题之管理学类，通过模拟试题的练习来熟悉考试节奏，希望能给大家的托福考试准备带来帮助。 　　托福阅读想要提高，无非就是多做多练，不断总结和归纳好的解题方法，好的解题方法更需要真题的检验。本文就为大家提供一篇关于管理学的托福阅读模拟题，大家可以参考练习。文后附有答案可以进行核对。 　　Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods scientific management. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation. 　　The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”. 　　The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service. H