加减法问题小效应产生机制的ERP研究.pdfVIP

摘要 摘 要 问题大小效应广泛出现在加减乘除运算中，是指解决一个较大问题比解决 一个较小问题需要更长时间，出现更多的错误。早期的研究主要关注提取策略 及其影响因素在问题大小效应中的作用，认为算术知识作为一种言语记忆储存 起来，成人主要是通过从这种储存网络中直接提取答案来解决简单算术问题， 而小问题比大问题更强的问题与答案之间的联结强度使小问题的反应时更快。 后来研究者开始关注非提取策略在问题大小效应产生中的作用，认为大问题中 更多采用加工效率更低的非提取策略以及更低的提取效率是问题大小效应产生 的因素。本研究利用脑事件相关电位技术，考察提取和非提取策略在加减法问 题大小效应中的作用。实验采用个位数加法以及减法逆运算，分别采用验证性 任务和生成式任务。实验一中小问题的错误答案诱发的负成分的潜伏期比大问 题更快，实验二中大问题的正慢波比小问题更负，且表现出右半球优势，说明 大问题更慢的提取效率和更多采用非提取的数字量的操作是问题大小效应形成 的重要原因。另外，加法的问题大小效应比减法要小，主要表现为减法的大问 题比加法的反应时更长。其中，加法的提取效率比减法更快，但两种算术任务 在非提取策略的使用上并没有表现出差异。 关键词： 加法，减法，问题大小效应，事件相关电位 I Abstract Abstract Problem-size effect means that the large problem (e.g., 7+9) is solved with more response time and errors than the small problem (e.g., 2+3) in mental addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Most previous models of arithmetic solution share the assumption that adults solve simple arithmetic problems by retrieving an answer from a network of stored associations. In accord with this view, the problem-size effect has been attributed to various aspects of the representation of stored arithmetic knowledge. The small problems are retrieved more quickly than large problems because the associative strength between problem and answer in small problems is stronger than in large problems. Recently the researchers started to focus on the important role of nonretrieval procedures such as counting and decomposition on the problem-size effect. And the problem-size effect is due to the slower retrieval and nonretrieval procedures and greater use of slower nonretrieval procedures for large problems. In present study, we examined the role of