关于宋代乡村区划地研究.pdfVIP

Abstract GonethroughthechangesofLateTangandFiveDynasties,1i(里)hadbeen degeneratedtoonekindofvillagedistrictunitliketsun(村)atthebeginningofthe earlySongDynasty.Hsiang(乡)stillhadcertainadministrativefunction.Theworkthat thecountygovernmentadministeredthevillagewasstillcarriedoutbasingontheunit ofhsiang. IntheSeventhYearofKaiBao,thegovernmentdecreetoabolishhsiangwas fulfilledinsomeareassuchasXiangzhouwherehsiangwassupersededbyguan(管). ThiskindofguarswhosefunctionwasembodiedbyHouseholdchiefwassimilartothe pasthsiang.Inmoreareas,thedecreetoabolishhsiangwasntcarriedout,sothatthe situationdidntchange.InveryfewareassuchasDeqingCounty,guanwassetunder hsiang.ThiskindofguanwassimilartoIi. InhsiangandguanofXiangzhouarea,Elders(奢长)andStalwartmen(壮丁)were draftedtotakechargeoftheadministrativeworksuchaspublicsecurity,lawsuit,etc. ThedistrictwhichEldershadjurisdictionoverwascalledchi(l).Itwasnotregarded asaregionalunit,butakindofspecialadministrativedistrictunit. AftertheXi-Ningreform,thedistrictoftopao(都保)wasformedinthevillage withthepracticeofpao-jia(保甲)system.InSouthernSongDynasty,theRuleofFarm landBoundarymarkswascarriedoutaccordingtotheunitoftupao,sothatthe administrativefunctionoftupaoasvillagedistrictwasfurtherstrengthened.Tupao hadpossessedthedoublefunctioncontrollingbothlandandhousehold.Thedistrictof tupaolongcoexistedwiththepastdistrictssuchashsiang,li,tsunandguan,etc. Hsiangwasusedtofixthepositionandcensusregister,etc,whiletupaowasdivided bytheregisteredpermanentresidenceinordertoadministertheresidents. Therelationshipamongdifferentvillagedistrictswascomplex.Liandtsunwere bothunderhsiangandtherewasntsubordinativerelationshipbetweenthem.Viewed fromadministration,hsien(县)directlycontrolledchiwithouttheinterposalofhsiang. However,withintherangeofhsiang,therewereacertainnumberofchiaccordingto thenumberofElders.Hsiangandto(都)respectivelybelongedtothetwodifferent districtpatterns.Bothparties