HadronTherapyforCancerUsingHeavyIons.docVIP

Hadron Therapy for Cancer Using Heavy Ions by Krystian Sordyl A dissertation submitted to the department of physics, University of Surrey, in partial fulfilment of Degree of Masters of Science in Radiation and Environmental Protection Department of Physics School of Electronic and Physical Sciences University of Surrey September 2006 ( Krystian Sordyl 2006 Contents Contents 1 Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 2 List of figures 3 List of tables 3 CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction to Radiotherapies 4 CHAPTER TWO 2. Physical Interactions of Ionising Radiation 8 2.1 Photon Interactions 8 2.2 Heavy Charged Particle Interactions 10 2.2.1 Linear Stopping Power 11 2.2.2 Linear energy Transfer 12 2.2.3 Coulomb Scattering 13 2.2.4 Nuclear Fragmentation 13 CHAPTER THREE 3. Biological Effects of Hadron Therapy 14 3.1 Relative Biological Effectiveness 15 3.2 Oxygen Effect 15 3.3 Cell Proliferation in Tumours 17 CHAPTER FOUR 4. Hadron Therapy Facilities 19 4.1 Ion Sources 19 4.2 Accelerators 21 4.3 Beam Delivery Systems 22 4.4 Patient Positioning 24 CHAPTER FIVE 5. Current and Planned Facilities 26 CHAPTER SIX 6. What can hadron therapy treat and how good is it? 28 CHAPTER SEVEN 7. Late Effects 32 CHAPTER EIGHT 8. Cost 33 Conclusion 35 References 36 Abstract The natural progression of radiotherapy treatments for cancers has recently seen the increase in popularity of hadron therapy. Although the apparatus is complex, expensive and cumbersome, it is becoming increasingly less so. This work provides a background to existing radiotherapies and the way in which different ionisation techniques interact with matter and the body. It also describes the layout and components of a hadron therapy facility, along with options for cost reduction and general improvement. There is also a discussion on the current and planned hadron therapy facilities around the world and an overview of some of the latest clinical trials with details of treatments. Along these same lines, the late e