FoldedMountains.docVIP

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FoldedMountains.doc

Chapter 11 Mountain Building Section 1 Rock Deformation ? Key Concepts What determines the strength of a rock? What are the types of stresses that affect rocks? What are the three main types of folds? What are the main types of faults? Vocabulary deformation stress strain anticline syncline monocline normal fault reverse fault thrust fault strike-slip fault Mountains, like those shown in Figure 1, provide some of the most spectacular scenery on our planet. It is theorized that all continents were once mountainous masses and grow by the addition of mountains to their edges. As geologists unravel the secrets of mountain formation, they also gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of Earth’s continents. However, if continents do grow by adding mountains to their edges, then how do mountains exist in the interior of continents? Figure 1 Mountain Ranges This peak is part of the Karakoram Range in Pakistan. Factors Affecting Deformation Every body of rock, no matter how strong, has a point at which it will bend or break. Deformation is a general term that refers to all changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body. Most crustal deformation occurs along plate margins. Plate motions and interactions at plate boundaries create forces that cause rock to deform. Stress is the force per unit area acting on a solid. When rocks are under stresses greater than their own strength, they begin to deform, usually by folding, flowing, or fracturing. The change in shape or volume of a body of rock as a result of stress is called strain. How can rock masses be bent into folds without being broken? When stress is gradually applied, rocks first respond by deforming elastically. Changes that result from elastic deformation are recoverable. Like a rubber band, the rock will return to almost its original size and shape once the force is removed. Once the elastic limit or strength of a rock is surpassed, it either flows or fractures. The factors that influence the strength of

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