LectureNotes,Chapter9.ppt

Quality Assurance(Quality Control) Phases of Quality Assurance Inspection How Much/How Often Where/When Centralized vs. On-site Inspection Costs Where to Inspect in the Process Raw materials and purchased parts Finished products Before a costly operation Before an irreversible process Before a covering process Examples of Inspection Points Statistical Process Control The Control Process Define Measure Compare to a standard Evaluate Take corrective action Evaluate corrective action Statistical Process Control Variations and Control Random variation: Natural variations in the output of process, created by countless minor factors Assignable variation: A variation whose source can be identified Sampling Distribution Normal Distribution Control Limits (Type I Error) Control Limits Mean Charts Two approaches: If the process standard deviation (s) is available (x If the process standard deviation is not available (use sample range to approximate the process variability) Mean charts (SD of process available) Upper control limit (UCL) = average sample mean + z (S.D. of sample mean) Lower control limit (LCL) = average sample mean - z (S.D. of sample mean) Mean charts (SD of process not available) UCL = average of sample mean + A2 (average of sample range) LCL = average of sample mean - A2 (average of sample range) A2 is a parameter depending on the sample size and is obtainable from table. Example Means of sample taken from a process for making aluminum rods is 2 cm and the SD of the process is 0.1cm (assuming a normal distribution). Find the 3-sigma (99.7%) control limits assuming sample size of 16 are taken. Example (solution) ?x = SD of sample mean distribution = SD of process / ?(sample size) = 0.1 / ? (16) = 0.025 z = 3 UCL = 2 + 3(0.025) = 2.075 LCL = 2 - 0.075 = 1.925 Example(p.427) Twenty samples of size 8 have been taken from a process. The average sample range of the 20 samples is 0.016cm and the average mean is 3cm. Determine the 3-sigma contro