SolidMechanicsTheGeneralStateofStress.doc.docVIP

Solid Mechanics - The General State of Stress Principal Stresses The general state of stress can be represented by a symmetric 3 x 3 matrix. It is always possible to choose a coordinate system such that all shear stresses are zero. The 3 x 3 matrix is then diagonalised, with the three principal stresses on the diagonal, and all other components equal to zero. The three principal stresses are conventionally labelled σ1, σ2 and σ3.σ1 is the maximum (most tensile) principal stress, σ3 is the minimum (most compressive) principal stress, and σ2 is the intermediate principal stress. [edit] Stress Invariants I1 = σ1 + σ2 + σ3 I2 = σ1σ2 + σ2σ3 + σ3σ1 I3 = σ1σ2σ3 Hydrostatic Stress The so-called hydrostatic stress, σh, is given by: Deviatoric Stresses Mohrs Circle Consider the two dimensional stress condition where the stresses are σx, σy, and τxy. We have, for another set of orthogonal axes x-y at angle θ with x-y, the stresses are From the above equations, we can see that for any stress states given by σx, σy, and τxy, we can find a value of θ such that the value of σx is maximum. This value is called the principal stress σ1 (for maximum) or σ2 (for minimum). The principal stresses are given by and the maximum shear stress is given by τmax = (σ1 ? σ2)/2 From the definitions for σx and τxy, we have In the σ-τ graph, this is a circle with center on the x axis, and the distance of the center from the origin is given by (σx + σy)/2 and a radius given by This circle is known as Mohrs circle, and is useful for visualizing the stress state at a point. The above figure shows Mohrs circle for a stress state (σ, τ). The center and radius of the circle are obtained from equations stated above. The other stress σy can be read off by the point diametrically opposite the (σ, τ) point. The stress at any plane can be found using simple geometrical constructs. Mohrs Circle for Common Cases The above shear stress in this case is σ1/2. A liquid is one which by definition cannot take a shear