SolidsandFluids.pptVIP

Deformation of Solids So far, we have assumed that solids always retain their original shape and cannot be deformed (“rigid bodies”) However, the stretching, squeezing, and twisting of real objects when forces are applied are often too important to ignore (causing deformations) Stress characterizes the strength of the forces causing the deformation (force per unit area) Strain describes the resulting deformation When the stress and strain are small enough, the two are directly proportional to each other: Stress / Strain = Elastic modulus (Hooke’s Law) There are three general types of stresses and strains: tensile, bulk, and shear Tensile Stress and Strain A solid under tensile stress (or tension) produces a distortion due to stretching (i.e. rope under tension): Tensile stress = F / A Scalar quantity since F is the magnitude of the force SI unit of stress is the pascal: 1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 In the British system, stress is measured by the pound per square inch (psi): 1 psi = 6895 Pa Note that units of stress are same as pressure Tensile strain (stretch / unit length) = (l – l0) / l0 = Dl / l0 Pure (dimensionless) number with no units Tensile/Compressive Stress and Strain For sufficiently small tensile stress, stress and strain are proportional through Young’s modulus Y: The stress can compress the object: Compressive strain defined same way as tensile strain, but then Dl corresponds to decrease in length For many materials, Young’s modulus has same value for both tensile and compressive stresses Materials with large Y are relatively unstretchable Bulk Stress and Strain When an object experiences uniform pressure on all sides, its shape remains the same but its volume changes We characterize a volume compression with bulk modulus B: P = pressure = F / A Minus sign included because increase in pressure always causes d