现代操作系统 Chapter 2 Part2.pptVIP

Contents 2.1 Processes 2.2 Interprocess communication (IPC) 2.3 Classical IPC problems 2.4 Threads 2.5 Scheduling 2.4 Threads 2.4.1 Threads usage 2.4.2 The classical thread model 2.4.3 Implementing threads in user space 2.4.4 Implementing threads in the kernel 2.4.1 Threads usage Why would anyone want to have a kind of process within a process? It turns out there are several reasons for having these miniprocesses, called threads(线程). In many applications, multiple activities are going on at once. By decomposing such an application into multiple sequential threads that run in quasi-parallel (准并行), the programming model becomes simpler. Threads are lighter weight than processes, they are easier to create and destroy than processes. Performance. When there is substantial computing and also substantial I/O, having threads allows these activities to overlap, thus speeding up the application. An example of multithread 2.4.2 The classical thread model The process model is based on two independent concepts: resource grouping and execution. Sometimes it is useful to separate them; this is where threads come in. A process has an address space containing program text and data, as well as other resources. A thread has a program counter, registers, a stack. Process are used to group resources together; threads are the entities scheduled for execution on the CPU. 线程的引入 进程的两个基本属性： ① 进程是一个可拥有资源的独立单位； ② 进程同时又是一个可以独立调度和分配的基本单位。 由于进程是一个资源拥有者，因而在进程的创建、撤消和切换中，系统必须为之付出较大的时空开销。也正因为如此，在系统中所设置的进程数目不宜过多，进程切换的频率也不宜太高，但这也就限制了并发程度的进一步提高。 线程的引入 如何能使多个程序更好地并发执行，同时又尽量减少系统的开销，已成为近年来设计操作系统时所追求的重要目标。 能否将进程的两个基本属性分开，由操作系统分别进行处理。即把处理机调度和其他资源的分配针对不同的活动实体进行，以使之轻装运行；而对拥有资源的基本单位，又不频繁地对之进行切换。 在这种思想的指导下，产生了线程的概念。 线程是进程中的一个实体，是被系统独立调度和分配的基本单位。 线程示意图 线程与进程的比较 下面将从四个方面比较线程和进程： 调度 并发性 拥有资源 系统开销 （1）调度 在引入线程的操作系统中： 线程是调度和分配的基本单位 进程是资源拥有的基本单位 把传统进程的两个属性分开，线程便能轻装运行，从而可显著地提高系统的并发程度。 在同一进程中，线程的切换不会引起进程的切换；在由一个进程中的线程切换到另一个进程中的线程时，才会引起进程的切换。 （2）并发性 在引入线程的操作系统中，不仅进程之间可以并发执行，而且在一个进程中的多个线程之间亦可并发执行，因而使操作系统具有