英文课件 国际市场营销 chapter 05.pptVIP

open tolerance, flexibility, humility, justice/fairness, ability to adjust to varying tempos, curiosity/interest, knowledge of the country, liking for others, ability to command respect, and ability to integrate oneself into the environment “Master of destiny” viewpoint Independent enterprise as the instrument of social action Personnel selection and reward based on merit Decisions based on objective analysis Wide sharing in decision making Never-ending quest for improvement Competition yielding efficiency Authority and Decision Making Management Objectives and Aspirations Communication Styles Formality and Tempo P-Time versus M-Time Negotiations Emphasis Three typical patterns exist: top-level management decisions, decentralized decisions, and committee or group decisions According to Edward T. Hall, the symbolic meanings of time, space, things, friendships, and agreements, vary across cultures “In some cultures, messages are explicit; the words carry most of the information. In other cultures ... less information is contained in the verbal part of the message since more is in the context” Communication in a high-context culture depends heavily on the contextual (who says it, when it is said, how it is said) or nonverbal aspects of communication Communication in a low-context culture depends more on explicit, verbally expressed communications Hall places eleven cultures along a high-context/low-context continuum Level of formality in addressing business clients by first name Level of formality in addressing your boss by first name Tempo or speed in getting “down to business” Perception of time varies in many cultures Voluntarily offered payment by someone seeking unlawful advantage Involves a relatively small sum of cash, a gift, or a service given to a low-ranking official in a country where such offerings are not prohibited by law employment practices and policies, consumer protection, environmental protection, political payments and involv